A real-ghost symmetry gives rise to gravity and electric charge. In order to know what this means, we need first to revisit the historical thoughts on gravity.
The Newtonian gravity has two special traits. One, there is no event horizon for Newtonian gravity. Two, it transmits its force in a manner of immediate (spooky) action at a distance. So, the non-locality is the direct consequence of Newtonian gravity.
Before James Clerk Maxwell formulated electrodynamics in mid-19th century, the idea of immediate action at a distance was quite reasonable. But, electrodynamics hinted that the causal signal cannot be transmitted with infinite speed. If so, then there must be a speed which is the upper limit of all speeds. It also appears obvious that this speed must be invariant. If it can vary, then which variation is the upper limit? But what was this upper limit?
It was our experience that no speed was greater than the speed of light. But, is the speed of light an invariant? In 1887, Albert Abraham Michelson and Edward Williams Morley demonstrated that the speed of light was indeed independent of the frame of reference. In 1905, Einstein rushed out to proclaim that the speed of light is not only the upper limit of all speeds but is indeed an invariant, that is, this upper speed limit is finite and absolute. He used this as his first postulate. His second postulate that all reference points (inertial frames) are completely equivalent is in fact saying that every reference point is absolute in relation to the rest of universe. This is a statement of subjective absoluteness.
With these two absolutes, the rest of world has no choice but to give in, that is, to bend over backwards to accommodate these two absolutes by stretching its time unit, compressing its yardstick, or even changing its weight scale. In short, the essence of special relativity is the subjective absoluteness of two chosen absolutes.
These stretching or compressing effects are verified on a daily basis in large accelerators. The most renown result of this special relativity theory is the well-known equation E (energy) equals to Mc square (E = M C^2). This equation is the foundation of producing nuclear bombs, and we all know that the killing power of nuclear bombs is real. Japan knew it well. But, Einstein must have recognized that all those wonderful realities cannot be the final reality. Thus, he went on to develop the General Relativity.
I call those wonderful experimental verifications of special relativity the partial realities. On all levels, all scientific experiments are subjectively biased, that is, we can get some results by our choosing of how to set up the experiment. For example, someone can set up an experiment to prove that the desk I am using to write this paper is a desk. Someone else can also prove it is wood. It can also be proved to be a 300 year old oak tree. Then, biochemists can prove that it is only composite of molecules. Then, physicist can prove that 90% of that desk is only vacuum and void.
This obvious phenomenon of subjectivity of science seems to be a big joke for many, but it is very important in the path of searching for a final theory. Those experimentally proved realities are only partial realities at best. A straight stick must look bent when it is half-submerged in the water. If it is not, then something is wrong. But, which one is reality, bent or straight? When we walk along a parallel railroad track, the two parallel tracks must look intersecting at a distance. If it is not, then your eyes must have problem. But, which one is reality, parallel or intersecting lines?
Perhaps, physicists regard these types of question as philosophical nonsense. But, in the micro-world, this philosophical nonsense becomes the most important reality. The results of all observations about the quantum world depend on how the observations were made. The Copenhagen Interpretation of uncertainty principle guarantees that the reality-as-itself can never be known. All we can get are subjective, illusory and biased phenomena.
Although Einstein did not understand, let alone believe in, the facts discussed above, he nonetheless intuitively knew that the special relativity is sort of baloney. He quickly abandoned one of the two absolutes he chose for special relativity. He must feel vulgar for the fact that all interactions depend upon the reference frame being used, which is the namesake for special relativity.
In General Relativity, he abandoned that vulgar postulate, that all inertial reference frames are completely equivalent which is only a relative absoluteness. He tried very hand for 10 years to find a higher and better absolute, which will be completely independent of any reference frame. He found Galileo mass (that inertial mass and gravitational mass not only cannot be distinguished but is an invariant for all reference frames). This is the well-known principle of equivalence.
This principle of equivalence is indeed a better and higher absolute than the inertial frame postulate which is only a relative absoluteness. With this new set of two absolutes (principle of equivalence and the absolute finiteness of light speed), the rest of the world (such as time and space) again must bend over backwards to accommodate them. That is, spacetime must look bent in his well-known elevator thought experiment.
For eighty years physicists have thought that Newtonian gravity was incomplete and only as a crude approximation of General Relativity. Today, two newly discovered facts (horizon issue in cosmology and the non-locality of quantum physics) prove that General Relativity is very much incomplete.
Although Einstein abandoned one vulgar postulate (the inertial frames) of special relativity, he kept the other vulgar (but not wrong) postulate (the absolute finiteness of light speed) in his General Relativity. This bad choice of absoluteness made General Relativity a LOCAL theory and trapped it in a self-created event horizon. That is, the General Relativity will break down beyond the event horizon defined by light signal.
If we define Universe in terms of light signal, there are many parts of universe laying outside of that universe. This is called horizon issue in cosmology. In short, General Relativity cannot define universe without self-contradiction. If universe means ALL, then the universe of General Relativity is not a universe.
In addition to this horizon problem, the non-locality is now a fact in nature, and there is no way that General Relativity can encompass this fact.
In order to explain this, we again need to revisit the history of how Newton developed his gravity theory. What absolutes did Newton choose for his gravity theory? He also chose two!! The first is the Galileo law that mass is independent of gravity. The second is the Kepler law that the planets sweep nonzero equal areas in equal time.
All physicists believed that Einstein was the one who discovered that spacetime has curvature and Newton saw spacetime as a piece flat sheet. Not so!! In Newton's gravity law, when two planets pull themselves TOWARD each other, it causes a SIDE motion in a ellipse orbit. If spacetime is not curved, why is there a SIDE movement?
Among absolutes, Newton and Einstein shared one, the Galileo law of mass. But, the second absoluteness selected by Newton that the planets sweep nonzero equal areas in equal time is much, much superior to Einstein's choice that light speed is an absolute finiteness. This fact can be understood quite easily.
Let's imagine that a star A is moving away from star B. There is a gravitational interaction between the two stars according to both Newton and Einstein gravity theories. According to General Relativity, the spacetime between the two stars is curved. A greater curvature of spacetime will slow down the clock because light signal will take longer time to travel through it. Now finally, star B moved out the event horizon of star A because a big galaxy had collapsed into star A and the spacetime of star A had curved into itself. So light signal can no longer get out of star A to reach star B. At this point, gravity between the two stars can no longer be defined in terms of General Relativity.
But, there is still gravitational interaction between these two stars under this condition according to Newtonian gravity. Although star B can now FREELY move along its own course, there is still a gravitational interaction between A and B as long as the movement of star B sweeps out a nonzero area relative to star A regardless of the fact that there is no causal contact between the two.
The black hole is such an object which bends its spacetime into itself and drives light signal running in circles, that is, by definition a black hole does not and cannot make any causal contact with the rest of world in terms of General Relativity, but we still can sense its gravitational pull. In short, gravity has much richer meanings than General Relativity can describe. So, General Relativity is only a very crude approximation of Newtonian gravity.
This fact can be understood in common language. Let's imagine that I made a causal contact with Einstein 30 years ago by calling him on telephone. I wanted to talk with him about physics. But the phone was cut off suddenly because he had sunk into the ghost world (dead). During the past 30 years, I was unable to make any more causal contact with him personally. But his work did mark history (bent the spacetime); so I can interact with him although we are separated in a time-like separation, that is, no signal traveling at light speed can carry information between the separated entities.
Furthermore, the universe is not only the composite of all past and the present but includes the entire future. Three years ago, I received an invitation to participate in the 19th World Congress of Philosophy. This event was one year away in the future then, but I had interacted with this still-a-ghost event for almost a whole year. I wrote one paper for this still-a-ghost event in April, 1993. I also went to obtain my visa, bought airline tickets and made hotel reservation in Moscow, all for this still-a-ghost event. Obviously, no causal contact could be made between then and that still-a-ghost event, but a lot of interactions were already taking place.
Today, physicists agree that there are only four fundamental forces in nature. The strong and weak forces are short range forces; they are the forces which construct the building blocks of universe. The electric force is a long range force, and the force carrier of this electric force is photon, the light signal. As I have showed that using light signal in Einstein's way to define universe is a very bad choice, which cannot encompass the facts of horizon issue and of non-locality. At the present stage of universe, the electric force and gravity are significantly different. Don't you think it is very stupid to define gravity with the attribute of electric force (the photon)? The universe is much bigger than a spacetime linked with causal contact by light signal; it must encompass not only the entire history but also the entire future.
So, the remaining candidate for defining universe is gravity; there is no other choice. Newton's choice of a true and pure geometrical description for gravity was a much better choice. The difference between Newton and Einstein is that the geometry is the guiding principle in Newton gravity but is only a result in General Relativity. The wrong impression that Newton gravity is not geometric was caused by Lagrange and Hamilton who rewrote Newton gravity in terms of analytical algebra.
Nonetheless, the Newtonian gravity theory is not an ultimate theory. It does not contain General Relativity. He also selected too many absolutes, two to be exact. In fact, the absoluteness of time and of space in Newton theory are not guiding principles of his theory but the consequences of it. His theory was derived with two absolutes -- the Galileo mass law and Kepler equal areas law.
Philosophically, using two or more different yardsticks to measure anything (including universe) will inevitably distort the item being measure. If two is too many, then one or zero is the remaining choice. If there is no yardstick, the causal universe cannot arise. Because there is a causal universe, there is one and only one absolute in the universe and no more. It is ZERO, the Nothingness. Nothingness must always remain to be Nothingness; this is the only absolute absoluteness. Perhaps, someone will argue that the nothingness is not even a physical reality. How can it then be a guiding principle of a gravity theory?
Because of this Nothingness absoluteness, real time cannot arise without being accompanied by a ghost time, and the physical universe cannot arise without being accompanied by a ghost world. Every particle is bouncing between the real and the ghost universes (see Supersymmetry). This bouncing act gives rise to gravity.
Now consider a pepsi can which rests at your coffee table. It is not truly at rest in relation to Sun, to moon or to any other stars, but we can fairly to say that it is at rest in relation to Earth. However, according to this new physics, this resting pepsi can is not truly at rest. It is, in fact, bouncing between two states (the real and the ghost worlds) as in Figure 1. In other words, it is moving in time as in Figure 2.
According to Special Relativity, no particle with nonzero rest mass (such as the pepsi can) can move in space with light speed. However, that pepsi can can move in time (bouncing between two universes) with light speed without violating the Special Relativity. So, at t1, it has a momentum
p(t1) = m(r) * c, m(r) is the nonzero rest mass. At t2, there is a momentum change,
delta p = -2m(r) * c.
We then define two functions.
Obviously, Equation One is Newton gravity equation, and it is derived from two different physics.
In summary, because the ghost world is a reality, the spooky action at distance is transmitted via the ghost world (not via the space with relative velocity), and the spooky action is the necessary consequence not only of quantum physics but also of gravity. Because the spooky action at a distance is a reality, the universe can be defined without self-contradiction caused by any event horizon.
Electric charge is a true constant. The value of electric charge carried by proton is the same as carried by electron although with an opposite sign. However, electric charge is not a fundamental constant because it can be written in an equation of some other constants. In fact, it is composed with three constants, h, C, and electric fine structure constant (1/137.035999).
In Prequark Theory, the universe's topological shape is a torus which is a ball with two connecting poles. Quark generations (genecolors) resides in one pole and quark colors resides in the other. These two poles form two surfaces. The outer surface is the ball surface which is colorless in terms of quark colors and generations. The quark colors and generations can only be seen inside the inner surface which connecting the two poles.
Why is charge trisected? I will explain this in Law of Creation. Here, I will show how it is trisected. In Super Unified Theory, there are four important results.
There are many theories (such as, Supergravity, Supersymmetry, Superstring/M-thoery, etc.) fighting for the title of Super Unified Theory. They are all good physics theories, based on some great physics insights. Each of them will be and must be a component of the Final Theory. As for super unification, there are only two approaches:
However, there are four major differences between gravity and other forces.
If gravity also has a force carrier (such as graviton) in the traditional sense, then every particle must throw out zillions gravitons and at the same time be bombarded by zillions, zillions gravitons all day long. It will get tired very quickly. If a gravity theory could, indeed, be constructed in this way, it would be quite ugly. However, this new gravity theory based on real-ghost symmetry does not have the tiring problem. In the whole universe, there is only one graviton -- the ghost point which is shared by every particle. When a particle interact with this ghost point, it sees the entire rest of universe, and the rest of universe sees it at the same time.
The Equation Three shows that the Unified Force is a function of space and time only. According to Prequark Chromodynamics, space and time have the following attributes:
And, all forces are different interactions between space and time:
Thus, the Super Unification is obtained.
Traditionally, physics is divided into two disjoint areas:
That is, those theories are inter-linked.
Furthermore, this new physics unifies gravity and quantum physics with three new physics concepts.
From the three concepts above, gravity, electric charge, prequarks, intrinsic spin, etc. arise. However, this new physics does not unify the traditional physics into a static system. They can only be unified with a dynamic process --- a creation process. The Nothingness to real-ghost symmetry is a creation process which gives rise to Equation zero. Then, 48 quarks-leptons arise in the material world. These 48 quarks-leptons can be represented with three quark colors, three generations and one colorlessness.
In Topology, there are one four color theorem and one seven color theorem. The four color theorem can be represented with a topological ball, then seven color with a topological donut. Thus, every generation of quarks can be topologically represented as a topological ball. The entire three generations of quark can be topologically represented as a topological donut.
Again in Topology, a topological ball can never be transformed into a topological donut by a continuous deformation process, but the creation process is not a continuous deformation process. The only way to transform a ball into a donut (a tube) is by punching two holes on the ball. The two holes of yesterday and tomorrow are the gateways between the real universe and the ghost world. Gravity is the force which pushes all particles (the entire real universe) in and out of these two holes.